Complete The Chart By Describing The Function And Structure

What "Complete the Chart by Describing the Function and Structure" Actually Means

If you've stared at a biology worksheet or a college lab handout and seen the instruction "complete the chart by describing the function and structure," you probably already know it's more annoying than it sounds. Think about it: the phrase is everywhere in life science classes — from middle school biology all the way through introductory college courses. Consider this: your job? The setup is usually the same: there's a diagram of a cell, an organelle, a tissue, or a whole organ, and next to it sits a blank table. One column is labeled Structure*, the other is labeled Function*. Fill them both in.

But here's the thing — the phrase isn't just busywork filler. It's actually testing two very different skills at once, and most students treat them as the same skill. In practice, they're not. Day to day, structure is about what something is made of* and what it looks like*. Function is about what it does*. And when a chart asks you to describe both, it's forcing you to connect form to purpose, which is honestly the heart of how biology works.

So if you're stuck on one of these charts — or you're a teacher trying to explain the assignment — let's walk through what the prompt is really after, and how to do it well.

Why This Kind of Chart Exists in the First Place

Most biology instructors assign this kind of table because rote memorization is a terrible way to learn. Even so, a student can memorize "mitochondria = powerhouse of the cell" without understanding anything. But ask them to describe the structure* of the mitochondrion — double membrane, folded inner cristae, its own DNA — and then connect that structure to its function — the cristae increase surface area for ATP production, the double membrane separates the proton gradient — and suddenly they're actually thinking.

That's the real goal. The chart is a thinking tool disguised as a fill-in-the-blank exercise.

It also helps students prepare for more advanced coursework. Also, histology, anatomy, physiology, cell biology, microbiology — they all build on this same idea. Now, function follows form. You look at something under a microscope, you describe what you see, and you explain why it looks that way. The chart just gets you comfortable with that habit early.

How to Actually Complete the Chart

Here's where most people trip up. Consider this: " Technically not wrong. It controls the cell.They write vague answers in both columns and call it a day. "The nucleus is round. The trick is matching the level of detail* to the level of the course*. Also not useful. A middle school chart and a college chart might ask the same question, but they want very different answers.

Step 1: Identify What the Chart Is Asking About

Before you write a single word, look at the chart's scope. But a chart of cell organelles expects you to name structures inside the cell. A tissue type? The scope tells you how specific your descriptions need to be. A whole organ system? Because of that, is it a single cell and its organelles? A chart of the digestive system expects you to describe whole organs and the tissues inside them.

Step 2: Describe Structure With Concrete Details

Structure descriptions should be visual and physical. Ask yourself:

• What shape is it?
• What is it made of (membrane, muscle, connective tissue, layers)?
• Where is it located relative to other parts?
• Are there any distinctive features (folds, cilia, layers, branches)?

To give you an idea, the small intestine isn't just "a long tube." A stronger answer mentions its three regions (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), its layered wall (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa), and the villi and microvilli lining the inner surface. Those details matter, because the next column will ask you to explain why those features exist.

Step 3: Describe Function in Terms of the Structure

This is the part most students skip. They write the function as a generic one-liner. Instead, try to use the structural details in your functional description. The reason is simple — that's what the chart is grading you on. It's checking whether you understand the connection.

Take those villi and microvilli. In practice, a weak function description says "absorbs nutrients. On the flip side, " A strong one says "the villi and microvilli dramatically increase the inner surface area, maximizing absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. " Same idea, but now the structure and the function are talking to each other.

Step 4: Watch the Language

Biology charts reward precision. * When you use a precise verb, you usually need a precise object too — transports what? Better verbs: produces, transports, filters, secretes, contracts, protects, anchors, divides.Now, avoid vague verbs like "helps with" or "is involved in" unless you have to. secretes what?

For more on this topic, read our article on how many hours is 360 minutes or check out which of the following is true of electromagnetic waves.

Common Mistakes That Lose Points

Treating Structure and Function as the Same Sentence

A surprisingly common error: students write the same idea twice in slightly different words. But " That's not describing structure and function. Also, "The mitochondria is bean-shaped and produces energy. "Produces energy" is function. Think about it: the shape is structure. They're two separate facts, and the chart wants both.

Going Too Generic

"The cell membrane protects the cell.But " True. Also true of your skin, a wall, and a coat. Consider this: the chart wants you to say how — phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable, embedded proteins, fluid mosaic model. Specificity is what separates a real answer from a filler one.

Skipping the Diagram

A lot of students fill in the chart without actually looking at the diagram next to it. The diagram is full of clues — labels, arrows, magnification, scale bars, color coding. Don't do that. If the diagram shows a folded inner membrane, mention the folding. If it shows branching ducts, mention the branching.

Mixing Up Levels of Organization

In organ-system charts, students sometimes describe cells in the structure column and organs in the function column, or vice versa. Keep the level consistent. If the row is about the kidney*, the structure should describe the kidney (shape, location, regions) and the function should describe what the kidney does, not what a nephron does.

Practical Tips That Actually Work

Sketch it out first. Before filling in the chart, redraw the structure from memory. Where you blank is where you need to study. It's a faster diagnostic than rereading the textbook.

Use the textbook's own wording — then push past it. Textbook definitions are fine for structure columns. But for function, try to write the answer in your own words* using at least one structural detail. That's what shows real understanding.

Group related rows. If your chart has ten organelles, don't tackle them randomly. Group by function — energy production, protein handling, structural support, communication — and do them in clusters. The patterns make both columns easier to remember.

Answer the "why" question out loud. For each row, ask yourself: why does it look like that?* If you can answer that, your function description is going to be solid.

FAQ

What if my chart doesn't include a diagram?

Write your structure description as if you were describing the part to someone who can't see it. Now, mention shape, layers, and distinguishing features. Be visual with your words.

How long should each description be?

It depends on the course, but as a rule of thumb: a sentence or two for structure, a sentence or two for function, with at least one specific detail in each. Don't write paragraphs unless your instructor wants them.

Do I need to memorize exact textbook definitions?

Memorizing definitions word-for-word isn't necessary, and it often backfires — students recite a definition that doesn't actually answer the question. Understand the core idea and the supporting details, then write naturally.

What if two structures have similar functions?

That's normal. The stomach and the small intestine both help with digestion, but one is a muscular sac that churns and the other is a long folded tube with villi. Differentiate them using structure. Structure is what sets them apart, and that's the part you should lean into.

The thing about these charts is that they're easy to underestimate. Even so, they look simple, so students assume they don't need much thought. But a well-completed chart is one of the best study tools you can build — it forces you to explain why a cell has a folded membrane, why a tissue is layered, why an organ has a particular shape. Once you stop treating it as a worksheet and start treating it as a way to think about biology, the rest of the course gets a lot easier.